At the tip

Induced drag and its wing tip vortices are a direct consequence of the creation of lift by the wing.

Since the Coefficient of Lift is large when the Angle of Attack is large, induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed whereas all other drag is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

The effect of this is that induced drag is relatively unimportant at high speed in the cruise and descent where it probably represents less than 10% of total drag. In the climb, it is more important representing at least 20% of total drag. At slow speeds just after take off and in the initial climb, it is of maximum importance and may produce as much as 70% of total drag.

Finally, when looking at the potential strength of wing tip vortices, all this theory on induced drag must be moderated by the effect of aircraft weight. Induced drag will always increase with aircraft weight.

-15°C

because:

-2°C per 1000 feet gives -30°C.

ISA: 15°C at sea level - 30°C = -15°C at FL150

Fuel injection provides:

• Fuel free from vaporization ice

• Better economy through metered delivery

• More responsive and efficient engine

• Less maintenance

The track changes constantly.

Wingtip vortices are tubes of circulating air that are left behind a wing as it generates lift.

They are caused by the difference in pressure above and below the wing causing the air to 'escape' from the high pressure area below the wing to the low pressure area above the wing, by rolling around the tip of the wing. This creates a vortex that trails behind the wing.

36,090ft in ISA

A swept wing makes the velocity vector normal to the leading edge a shorter distance than the chordwise resultant.

To notify the crew of the aircraft of a particular position on the IAP.

Locators have been largely replaced with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), but they can sometimes be found associated with Outer or Middle Markers where they are referred to as Locator Outer Marker (LOM) or Locator Middle Marker (LMM).

Depends on the engine.

In the case of the 737-800 CFM56, 27,300lbs total thrust at a ratio of 5.5:1