A precision approach uses both lateral (from left to right) and vertical guidance. A non-precision approach only uses lateral guidance.

Precision Approach Path Indicator

In Newfoundland. With cold weather density increases, therefore you would pick up a higher mass in Newfoundland.

Basic Empty Mass (BEM) is the mass of the aircraft with the basic equipment, unconsumable fluids and unusable fuel and oil.

Mach number

A wing tip is the part of the wing that is the most distant from the fuselage of a fixed-wing aircraft.

Swept wings are designed to be the most effective at high speeds. At low speeds, a swept wing produces less lift than its straight counterpart.

Altimeter errors:

Instrument error Pressure error Time-lag error Barometric error

Induced drag and its wing tip vortices are a direct consequence of the creation of lift by the wing.

Since the Coefficient of Lift is large when the Angle of Attack is large, induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed whereas all other drag is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

The effect of this is that induced drag is relatively unimportant at high speed in the cruise and descent where it probably represents less than 10% of total drag. In the climb, it is more important representing at least 20% of total drag. At slow speeds just after take off and in the initial climb, it is of maximum importance and may produce as much as 70% of total drag.

Finally, when looking at the potential strength of wing tip vortices, all this theory on induced drag must be moderated by the effect of aircraft weight. Induced drag will always increase with aircraft weight.

Inform ATC.